AS we mark International Migrants Day on December 18, it’s time to rethink how we value the informal skills and resources of many of Africa’s migrants. In particular, we need to recognise that migration can help boost long-term economic growth in Africa and the rest of the world, writes Carl Manlan*.
On one hand, African migration is less globally significant than many think. According to a report produced by the Mo Ibrahim Foundation, just 14 percent of the world’s migrants in 2017 came from Africa, while 41 percent came from Asia and 24 percent from Europe. The 36.3 million Africans who migrated that year represented less than 3 percent of the continent’s population (and almost 90 percent of African refugees remain within the continent.)
On the other hand, those Africans who do exercise their human right to work where their skills are needed make a significant contribution to the continent’s large informal economy. African cities are full of creative traders negotiating prices, supplying jerseys for sports events, and selling drinks to thirsty drivers stuck in traffic jams. In fact, trading skills –especially those of women – should be at the centre of the African migration narrative. In Togo, for example, women previously dominated domestic and international trade in textiles, wax prints, and women’s clothing, running businesses that expanded to Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Chad, and other countries in the region. From 1976 to 1984, these ‘Nana Benz’ women – so-called because their wealth enabled them to own Mercedes-Benz cars – controlled at least 40 percent of informal-sector business in Togo.
While they are no longer quite so dominant, the third generation of women is keeping their entrepreneurial model alive. The Nana Benz demonstrated that informal economies could create pathways to success for their children and communities. They not only built mansions in Togo and owned properties around the world but also invested in their children’s education at home and abroad. And they commanded respect despite their own lack of formal education. European business partners offered them favourable terms to expand their businesses.
Today, the informal economy accounts for more than 70 percent of total employment in sub-Saharan Africa. At the same time, however, almost 16 million young Africans are unemployed, in many cases because potential employers undervalue the informal skills that these job seekers learned outside school. So, although we need to create more formal-sector jobs on the continent, we also must recognise the value and skills embedded in the rest of the economy – including through the contribution of internal and cross-border migrants.
Of course, informal employment is not just an African phenomenon. According to the International Labour Organisation, two billion people worldwide work in the informal economy, including 1.3 billion in the Asia-Pacific region. And even in Europe and Central Asia, where the share of formal employment is highest, 25 percent of the employed population work informally. It is a global coping mechanism through which creative minds address market opportunities.
To continue Africa’s social and economic transformation, we must recognise the informal economy as a key lever of development and a facilitator of trade-based migration. African investors could help this process by providing digitally connected migrants with tailor-made safety mechanisms such as insurance and other financial products. The informal economy sometimes is associated with poverty, disease, and low levels of education. But most African migrants are young, educated women and men who can help economies in Europe, Asia, and North America address the challenges posed by ageing populations.
Between now and 2100, Africa’s young population (aged 15-34) is expected to grow by 181 percent, while Europe’s will shrink by 21 percent and Asia’s by almost 28 percent. But if politicians in destination countries fail to make a positive case for migration, the world will miss out on this opportunity. At the same time, Africa must invest in education, like the Nana Benz did, to ensure that its young people are better educated, healthier, and more connected than previous generations. Without broader access to quality education, intergenerational transfers of wealth within Africa will damage the future prospects of the 16 million young people looking for work.
There is thus a case for legal migration, which would help to generate additional tax revenues for host-country governments and enable migrants to send remittances back to their home countries. On average, African migrants spend or invest about 85 percent of their income in their destination country, and remit the remaining 15 percent. These remittances, which represented 3.5 percent
of Africa’s $2.3 trillion GDP in 2018, should be pooled to accelerate the continent’s economic transformation.
In the longer term, the facilitation of free movement envisaged under the African Union’s Agenda 2063 will determine the extent to which informal-sector skills transform the continent’s economies. And although mar
ket conditions have changed over the last few decades, the Nana Benz women of Togo already have shown us the way. In Africa and elsewhere, development processes are stronger when they are built on existing networks and mechanisms. Far from being a handicap, therefore, Africa’s informal economy, and the migrants who help drive it, are one of the continent’s most valuable assets.
*Carl Manlan, a 2016 New Voices Fellow at the Aspen Institute, is Chief Operating Officer at the Ecobank Foundation
