Key points:
- Africa’s urban population to reach 1.4 billion by 2050
- Nigeria, Egypt, and DRC to lead urban growth
- Rapid expansion risks straining infrastructure
AFRICA’S urban population is on course to double by 2050, rising from the current 700 million to an estimated 1.4 billion, according to a new report released early March. This surge will position Africa as the second-most urbanised region in the world, following Asia.
The report, Africa’s Urbanisation Dynamics 2025, jointly published by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the African Development Bank (AfDB), United Cities and Local Governments of Africa (UCLG Africa), and Cities Alliance, paints a striking picture of the continent’s rapidly shifting demographics.
Urban growth offers opportunities—and challenges
While the trend presents major opportunities for economic growth, innovation, and job creation, the report also raises serious concerns. Without swift and coordinated action from governments, rapid urban expansion could overwhelm already strained infrastructure, widen social inequalities, and jeopardise sustainable development across the continent.
‘Urbanisation, if well-managed, can be a powerful driver of development and prosperity,’ the report notes. ‘But left unchecked, it risks exacerbating existing challenges and creating new ones.’
Nigeria, Egypt, and DRC to dominate urban landscape
By mid-century, Africa will have the world’s second-largest urban population, trailing only Asia’s projected 3.5 billion. Nigeria is expected to lead the continent’s urban expansion, with an estimated 250 million city dwellers by 2050. This will make it the fourth-largest urban centre globally.
Egypt and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) will follow, with urban populations projected at 147 million and 111 million respectively. Together, Nigeria, Egypt, and DRC will account for more than one-third of Africa’s total urban population.
West and Central Africa to see major urban shifts
West Africa is forecast to remain the continent’s most populous urban region, reaching 436 million people by 2050. Central Africa, however, is expected to experience the fastest urban growth rate. The region’s urban population is projected to grow by 2.4 times, reaching 199 million by mid-century.
The findings underscore the urgent need for policymakers to adopt forward-looking urban planning strategies, prioritise infrastructure investment, and ensure inclusive development.
Call for proactive policy and planning
The report stresses the importance of proactive urban governance. Key recommendations include investing in affordable housing, expanding transport networks, and improving access to basic services like water, sanitation, and healthcare.
‘Africa’s urban future will depend on the choices made today,’ the report concludes. ‘With the right policies, cities can become engines of sustainable growth. Without them, they risk becoming hotspots of inequality and environmental stress.’
As Africa moves toward an increasingly urban future, the challenge lies in ensuring that its cities remain livable, inclusive, and resilient. The time for action, the report warns, is now.
