Keypoints:
- 5G could add $26bn to Africa’s GDP
- Affordability and coverage are key hurdles
- Governments urged to ease spectrum access
AFRICA is on the cusp of a major digital leap, and at the heart of that evolution is fifth-generation mobile technology—5G. Still in its early stages, 5G promises to redefine economies, empower sectors, and shrink the digital divide. But while optimism runs high, the road ahead is riddled with barriers that must be overcome to unlock its full potential.
The GSMA’s latest report, Destination Growth: The Journey to Complete 5G, outlines Africa’s digital path. It estimates that by 2030, the continent will host around 340 million 5G connections—roughly 20 percent of total mobile subscriptions. Together, 4G and 5G are expected to account for nearly two-thirds of all mobile connections by then. Yet this vision is far from assured.
Lagging behind the curve
Africa’s 5G journey began in 2020 with MTN and Vodacom launching services in South Africa. As of 2025, more than 10 African countries have commercial 5G networks. Still, only about 25 percent of mobile users are on 4G, compared to a global average of 60 percent. Despite widespread 3G and 4G availability, 60 percent of adults remain unconnected to mobile internet. The digital divide looms large.
Cost is the number one barrier. The high price of 5G-enabled smartphones, along with expensive data rates and limited device financing options, keeps many offline. Digital literacy also remains a major hurdle, with too many users unaware of the benefits or unable to navigate digital platforms.
Massive economic potential
Yet the rewards of 5G are significant. According to GSMA, 5G could inject $26bn into Africa’s GDP between 2021 and 2030. The gains will be most visible in agriculture, manufacturing, and retail, where enhanced connectivity, automation, and real-time data co
uld supercharge productivity.
Precision farming is a standout example. 5G-powered tech can monitor soil conditions and weather patterns, helping farmers maximise yields. In mining and oil, private 5G networks can boost safety and operational efficiency. In healthcare and education, 5G will underpin remote services and smart classrooms.
Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) is another game-changer, bringing fast broadband to rural communities that fibre can’t reach. Companies like MTN are already building private networks across sectors, with early adopters in mining, agriculture, and logistics.
What’s holding 5G back?
Despite the promise, the rollout has been slow. The problem isn’t just cost—it’s also infrastructure. Most operators have spent heavily on expanding 4G, investing over $45bn in the past five years. Shifting to 5G means fresh investment in dense cell sites, fibre backhaul, and network virtualisation.
Spectrum is another constraint. Only a few countries have held successful 5G auctions, and spectrum availability remains patchy. The GSMA recommends each operator get at least 100 MHz of mid-band spectrum and up to 800 MHz in high-band (mmWave) to support robust deployment.
Energy remains a critical challenge. Solar currently makes up less than 10 percent of mobile operators’ energy use, held back by high upfront costs. That said, there are success stories. Vodacom sourced nearly 1.2 million kWh via power purchase agreements, saving 12,272 metric tonnes of carbon. Orange has reach
ed over 50 percent renewables in Guinea and over 40 percent in Madagascar and Sierra Leone.
What needs to change?
Governments must step up. Faster and cheaper access to spectrum is vital. Licence terms should extend at least 15 years, with fair pricing and flexible models like spectrum leasing or sharing. Removing import duties on smartphones and network gear can ease affordability.
Policymakers also need to streamline infrastructure deployment. Right-of-way approvals, small cell zoning, and clear electromagnetic field (EMF) rules will support faster rollou
ts. Incentives for renewable energy use can ease sustainability burdens.
Stakeholders must act in concert. Pan-African collaboration through bodies like Smart Africa, the African Telecommunications Union, and the ITU will be key to harmonising regulation, sharing best practices, and boosting 5G awareness.
Orange’s 5G lab in Dakar is a model for innovation. Since launching in 2022, it has hosted over 1,200 participants and supported trials in e-health, smart agriculture, and digital education. It shows what’s possible when telecoms, governments, and businesses collaborate.
A connected future is within reach
Africa has the potential to harness 5G to transform its economy, but it will take more than network tow
ers and handsets. Affordability, infrastructure, and awareness must all improve.
The promise is there. Now, Africa’s leaders, regulators, and tech pioneers must deliver.
